Introduction Chronic liver disease (CLD) is a global health concern, characterized by the progressive  deterioration  of  liver function  due  to  various  etiologies,  such  as  chronic  viral hepatitis,  alcohol  abuse,  and  non-alcoholic  fatty  liver disease (NAFLD). The progression of CLD often leads to cirrhosis,  a    condition    where    liver    architecture    is extensively  damaged,  resulting  in  complications  such  as portal  hypertension,  ascites,  and  hepatic  encephalopathy (HE).    Hepatic    encephalopathy, in particular,   is    a Significant neuropsychiatric complication associated with liver failure, manifesting as a spectrum of cognitive dysfunction ranging from subtle changes in mental state to deep coma. Materials And Methods This is a Prospective, Cross-sectional study and Observational study was conducted in the Department of General Medicine and OBGY, JIIU’s Indian Institute of Medical Science and Research. After approval from institutional ethical committee, was carried out for 18 months duration and 150 adult patients aged >18 years of either gender who were diagnosed with Chronic liver disease on the basis of clinical, radiological and biochemical investigation presenting to the OPD were included. Informed written consent was obtained from all patients satisfying the inclusion criteria after explaining the study protocol in detail. Results The present study was conducted on 150 patients. The age distribution ranged between 20 and 80 years. The mean age of the patients was 52.3 ± 11.4. In the present study, out of the 150 patients, 105 (70%) were males and 45 (30%) were females with chronic liver disease of various causes, diagnosed clinically and substantiated by imaging studies. In more than half of the patients, i.e., in 79 (52.7%) patients, alcohol was identified as a major cause of chronic liver disease, followed by Hepatitis B in 34 (22.7%) patients. Other causes accounted for chronic liver disease in 35 (23.3%) patients, with one case each of Wilson’s disease and autoimmune disease as a cause of chronic liver disease. Conclusion The serum UA level is associated with the development of cirrhosis and the presence of elevated serum liver enzymes after adjustments for important causes and risk factors of chronic liver disease.

Introduction Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) are critical tools in evaluating respiratory health by measuring lung capacity, airflow, and overall pulmonary performance. These tests provide insights into various respiratory disorders and help assess the impact of different physiological and environmental factors on lung function. Among the numerous factors influencing pulmonary function, body mass index (BMI) has emerged as a significant determinant Methods A cross sectional study was done at Department of Physiology  The sampling was purposive for selection of specified population based on their body weight. The selection of obese and underweight was deviant purposive technique.Sample size was calculated by using open epi sample size calculator version 3.01. The parameters included were mean and standard deviation of FEV, 108±1.2 of the subjects having duration of obesity less than five years and 107±1.2 of subjects having duration of obesity more five-ten years,9 The 95% confidence interval and 90% power was considered for sample size calculation. Minimum needed sample size came up as 31 participants in each group of BMI category. A total of 180 participants were calculated. Results The present study included 200 participants (120 males and 80 females). All participants aged 18-20 years who are apparently healthy. Male and female according to BMI categorized into two groups, i.e., BMI < 25 and BMI > 25. Respiratory parameters such as FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, and PEFR are found to be significantly lower in female participants in comparison to male participants as shown in Table 1. The correlation of different pulmonary function parameters with BMI of the male and female participants are presented in Tables 2 and 3. It is observed that respiratory parameters such as FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, and PEFR of both male and female participants correlated positively with BMI < 25 but there were substantial lung function losses with increasing BMI > 25, i.e., PFTs were negatively correlated Conclusion Obesity influences the respiratory function enhancing dyspnoea and increasing both cardiac load and respiratory muscle fatigue of the thoracic wall and the diaphragm due to the higher pressure exerted by intrabdominal adipose accumulation. In our study the results showed that increase in BMI had an inverse relationship with FVC, FEV1 and PEFR in obese when compared to the normal weight subjects.

Background- Dementia, a progressive neurological condition, poses significant challenges for healthcare systems worldwide. Beyond cognitive decline, it profoundly impacts oral health due to patients' reduced ability to maintain hygiene, contributing to systemic complications such as pneumonia and malnutrition. Despite the growing recognition of this relationship, the role of oral medicine in dementia management remains underexplored. This is a systematic review that was conducted to assess the outcome of oral medicine interventions on oral health, cognitive outcomes, and systemic health in patients with dementia. Methods- A comprehensive systematic review was conducted in line with PRISMA guidelines. Cross-sectional studies and clinical trials on oral health interventions in dementia patients were searched on six databases using Boolean operators and MeSH keywords. The studies meeting the predetermined inclusion criteria were assessed for quality by applying Cochrane's RoB 2.0 and the AXIS tool. Data pertaining to intervention details, outcomes, and statistical significance were drawn out and analyzed. Results- Seven studies consisting of randomized controlled trials and cross-sectional surveys were included in the review. Some interventions, such as caregiver-assisted oral care, professional dental practices, and oral exercises showed the results to be significant improvement for oral health outcomes, such as changes of Oral Health Assessment Tool (OHAT) score that showed decreases (Wald χ² = 29.02, p <0.001) and Maximum Tongue Pressure (MTP) with interaction effects observed via generalized estimating equations (p < 0.05). Cognitive results, as measured by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), were all significantly improved at 6 and 12 months postintervention (p < 0.05). The systemic outcomes as captured were decreased incidence of pneumonia (p < 0.05) and increased sensitivity to cough reflex (odds ratio = 5.3, 95% CI 1.7–16.0, p < 0.005). Conclusion- This systematic review discovered that medical interventions in orodental diseases were effective in enhancing oral health and minimizing systemic complications in patients with dementia. Additionally, specific approaches had promise in preventing the deterioration of cognitive function. These results highlight the importance of oral medicine as a core treatment component for dementia care, requiring more general application in care delivery.

Background The anterior cruciate ligament in the knee is commonly prone to injuries. Reconstruction of this ligament with hamstring tendon has been time-tested but peroneus longus autograft is also gaining popularity. However, very limited literature is available comparing the two grafts. This study aims to compare the functional outcome and donor site morbidity between hamstrings and peroneus longus autograft in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Methods: This prospective cohort study was conducted was conducted int he Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care and Orthopaedics, Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital. Results: Patient was followed at 6 weeks, 3 and 6-months post operatively for clinical and radiological evaluation and results at end of 6 months were calculated by using IKDC and Lysholm knee score. The functional and radiological outcome is similar in both groups Conclusion: Autologous peroneus longus tendon can be used as a graft of choice in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction which showed promising results without compromising on the ankle function. Its usage as an alternative source of the graft may be more useful in multi-ligament injuries of the knee joint

In our private practice we have recently began implementing more and more digital workflows, starting with photography, Digital Smile Design, and moving on to intraoral scanning and 3D printing. Yet I often wonder if entering the digital era is really a step forward. While the technological advance is undeniable, one may question the added value this really brings to our treatments. Because in the center of all our planning and treatment decision should be our patient. So is digital dentistry a real plus for our patients?

Translational medical research is a rapidly developing field, bridging fundamental and clinical science. Implementation of this domain has become increasingly prominent during the past decades, leading to a better understanding of HIV infection, where molecular genetics and bioinformatic tools have been integrated into the clinical field. It has also significantly impacted the way HIV treatment is conducted, particularly in terms of preventing the hypersensitivity reaction to abacavir through the study of the HLA-B*57:01 allele. Moreover, new cohorts of long-term non-progressors have been identified and described, namely the elite controllers (ECs) and viremic controllers (VCs). Studies have revealed a potential protective mechanism allowing the suppression of HIV replication in the absence of ART, as being related to the presence of rare HLA alleles in their genome.

Introduction Frostbite usually occurs in cold weather countries due to the environment of extreme cold climate. Frostbite in a tropical country is a rare occurrence and all of the available cases described were due to chemical cryogenic elements as insulting agents. Freon is a widely used industrial r22 chemical refrigerant that can lead to severe cryoinjury of the skin. There were scanty published papers of Freon burn injury in the literature. Case report We present the first 2 such cases in Malaysia involving Freon injury to the hand – one treated conservatively while the other benefited from early excision and skin grafting. Each case was managed according to their individual presentations with a good outcome. Conclusions Freon burn is a serious ailment which can be linked with substantial morbidity. Appropriate pre-hospital intervention and definitive treatment are imperative to decrease tissue damage and optimize the outcome of the injured extremity.

The medical field is updating and changing continuously, so permanent seeking of knowledge is essential for the medical staff: doctors as well as nurses. In this context, two years ago, we started designing a teaching and training program for Romanian physicians working in the field of infectious diseases, microbiology, epidemiology, molecular diagnosis, with the aim of training a total of 225 physicians, from different areas of Romania, such as: Bucharest, Covasna, Brasov, Mures, Alba, Constanța, Dâmbovița, Iasi, Bacau, Vaslui, Cluj, Gorj, Dolj, Timis and Arad, and 715 nurses from the same geographical area.