Background: Hailey-Hailey disease (HHD), also known as benign familial pemphigus, is a rare autosomal dominant genodermatosis characterized by recurrent vesicles, blisters, erosions, and maceration, predominantly involving intertriginous areas. It is associated with mutations in the ATP2C1 gene on chromosome 3q21–q24, resulting in impaired calcium homeostasis and defective keratinocyte adhesion. Heat, friction, sweating, and other physical stresses may precipitate or exacerbate lesions. Case Report: A 32-year-old female presented to the Dermatology Outpatient Department with a history of blisters. A skin/soft-tissue biopsy specimen was obtained and submitted for histopathological examination. Microscopy revealed stratified squamous epithelium showing prominent acantholysis at multiple levels, predominantly in the suprabasal region, producing the characteristic “dilapidated brick wall” appearance. The dermal papillae were elongated and lined by a single layer of basal cells. Occasional dyskeratotic cells/scales and mild mixed inflammatory cell infiltration were also observed in the subepithelial dermis. Based on the characteristic histopathological findings, a diagnosis of Hailey-Hailey disease was made. Conclusion: Hailey-Hailey disease is an uncommon, benign, chronic, and relapsing genodermatosis that may pose a diagnostic challenge because of its variable clinical presentation and resemblance to other blistering and erosive disorders. Recognition of the characteristic suprabasal acantholysis and dilapidated brick-wall appearance on histopathology is important for diagnosis. Awareness of this entity among clinicians and pathologists can facilitate early diagnosis and appropriate management.

Background: Rapid and predictable recovery from general anesthesia is increasingly important because of growing surgical volumes, enhanced recovery protocols, and the expansion of ambulatory surgery. Propofol, sevoflurane, and desflurane have pharmacokinetic characteristics conducive to relatively rapid recovery, although differences exist in emergence characteristics and postoperative adverse effects. Aim: To compare the recovery profiles of patients receiving propofol, sevoflurane, or desflurane for maintenance of general anesthesia. Materials and Methods: This prospective comparative study included 120 adult patients aged 18–60 years with American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I or II undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia. Patients were allocated into three groups of 40 each according to the anesthetic used for maintenance: Group P received propofol-based total intravenous anesthesia, Group S received sevoflurane, and Group D received desflurane. Standardized induction, analgesia, neuromuscular blockade, ventilation, and reversal protocols were followed. Primary recovery outcomes included time to spontaneous eye opening, response to verbal commands, extubation, and achievement of a modified Aldrete score ≥9. Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), agitation, respiratory events, and rescue antiemetic requirement were assessed. Continuous variables were compared using one-way ANOVA and categorical variables using the chi-square or Fisher's exact test. Results: Baseline demographic and operative characteristics were comparable among the three groups. Desflurane demonstrated the shortest mean times to eye opening (6.2 ± 2.1 min), response to verbal commands (7.4 ± 2.4 min), and extubation (8.1 ± 2.6 min), compared with sevoflurane (8.5 ± 2.7, 9.8 ± 3.0, and 10.6 ± 3.1 min, respectively) and propofol (9.1 ± 3.0, 10.4 ± 3.2, and 11.2 ± 3.5 min, respectively) (all P<0.001). Achievement of modified Aldrete score ≥9 was also earliest with desflurane (15.8 ± 4.6 min; P<0.001). PONV was least frequent with propofol, whereas emergence agitation was numerically more frequent with desflurane. Conclusion: Desflurane was associated with more rapid early emergence and recovery than sevoflurane and propofol, whereas propofol demonstrated a favorable postoperative nausea and vomiting profile. Selection of the maintenance anesthetic should therefore consider both the desired speed of emergence and postoperative recovery characteristics.

Background: Robotic-assisted total knee arthroplasty (RA-TKA) is increasingly promoted as a means of improving operative planning, component positioning, and alignment. Patient understanding of the technology, its limits, cost implications, and the continuing role of the surgeon is essential for informed shared decision-making.Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among orthopaedic outpatient attendees at a tertiary healthcare centre. The structured questionnaire contained 10 awareness statements, three knowledge items, and five perception/preference items. Each correct awareness response received one point (range 0-10); scores of 0-5, 6-7, and 8-10 were classified as poor, moderate, and good awareness, respectively. Descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and exploratory multivariable logistic regression were used. One test response was excluded, leaving 150 records for the final analysis.Results: The mean age was 47.1 ± 17.1 years; 90 participants (60.0%) were male. Ninety-three (62.0%; 95% CI 54.0-69.4) had heard of robotic-assisted knee replacement. The mean awareness score was 4.15 ±2.27; 102 (68.0%) had poor, 43 (28.7%) moderate, and 5 (3.3%) good awareness. Only 45 (30.0%) correctly rejected the belief that the robot independently performs the entire operation, and 14 (9.3%) correctly rejected a guarantee of superior long-term results for every patient. Ninety-five (63.3%; 95% CI 55.4-70.6) would prefer robotic knee replacement if advised by their doctor, but only 39 (26.0%; 95% CI 19.6-33.6) were willing to pay extra. Increasing age (adjusted OR per 10 years 0.62, 95% CI 0.46-0.83) and female sex (adjusted OR 0.38, 95% CI 0.16-0.90) were associated with lower odds of adequate awareness. Secondary and graduate education were independently associated with preference for robotic surgery (adjusted OR 2.80 and 5.04, respectively).Conclusions: Interest in robotic knee replacement was substantially greater than detailed understanding. Misconceptions regarding robotic autonomy, guaranteed outcomes, universal suitability, and elimination of complications were common. Balanced clinician-led counselling - especially for older and less-educated patients - should accompany discussions of robotic knee arthroplasty, with explicit explanation of surgeon control, realistic benefits, residual risks, and additional costs

Background: Lumbar radiculopathy commonly causes radiating lower-limb pain, neurological symptoms and functional limitation. Transforaminal epidural steroid injection (TFESI) permits targeted administration of corticosteroid and local anaesthetic near the affected nerve root and may provide symptomatic relief while avoiding or delaying surgery. Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of single-level unilateral TFESI in achieving clinically meaningful pain relief and functional recovery among patients with lumbar radiculopathy. Materials and Methods: This retrospective observational study included 90 adults who had undergone single-level unilateral TFESI for clinically and MRI-confirmed lumbar radiculopathy at a tertiary-care hospital. Pain intensity was assessed using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), while functional disability was evaluated using the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) at baseline, one week and four weeks. Clinically meaningful outcomes were defined as at least a 50% reduction in NRS and at least a 10-point improvement in ODI at four weeks. Lumbar spine surgery status was assessed for up to 12 months. Paired measurements were compared using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Categorical outcomes were expressed as frequencies, percentages and 95% confidence intervals. A p value below 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Mean NRS decreased from 8.46±0.86 at baseline to 3.81±1.42 at one week, representing a reduction of 4.65 points (p<0.001). Among 83 patients assessed at four weeks, NRS decreased from 8.45±0.87 to 3.42±1.56, representing a reduction of 5.02 points (p<0.001). The additional reduction between one and four weeks was not statistically significant (p=0.129). Mean ODI decreased from 15.33±8.73 to 10.80±8.09 at one week and from 15.88±8.57 to 7.17±6.44 at four weeks (p<0.001). At four weeks, 65 of 83 patients (78.3%; 95% CI: 68.3%-85.8%) achieved at least a 50% NRS reduction, while 46 of 81 (56.8%; 95% CI: 45.9%-67.0%) achieved at least a 10-point ODI improvement. Among 67 patients with known 12-month surgical status, 55 (82.1%; 95% CI: 71.3%-89.4%) avoided lumbar spine surgery. Conclusion: Single-level unilateral TFESI produced significant short-term pain relief and functional improvement in patients with lumbar radiculopathy. Most evaluable patients achieved clinically meaningful pain reduction, and a high proportion of those with complete follow-up avoided surgery within 12 months. TFESI represents a valuable minimally invasive option before operative intervention in appropriately selected patients

Background: Digital addiction is highly prevalent among Indian adolescents, yet evidence-based, scalable school interventions remain scarce. We evaluated the effectiveness, feasibility, and acceptability of a theory-driven, school-based, nurse-led digital health promotion model (NL-DHPM).Methods: In this cluster randomized controlled trial with embedded mixed-methods process evaluation, eight secondary schools in India were randomized (1:1, stratified by school type and location) to the NL-DHPM or standard school health education. Participants were 400 adolescents aged 13–16 years (200 per arm). The 8-week intervention, grounded in the Health Belief Model and Pender’s Health Promotion Model and delivered by trained school nurses, comprised four psychoeducation sessions, three skill-building workshops, peer education, parent engagement sessions, school-environment activities, and as-needed counselling. The primary outcome was the Young’s Internet Addiction Test (IAT-20) score at post-intervention (T1) and 3-month follow-up (T2). Secondary outcomes included smartphone addiction (SAS-SV), knowledge, self-efficacy, daily screen time, quality of life (WHOQOL-BREF), psychological distress (DASS-21), and loneliness (UCLA Loneliness Scale).Results: Groups were comparable at baseline (mean IAT-20: 45.2 ± 18.6 vs 44.8 ± 19.2; p = 0.833). At T1, the intervention group scored significantly lower than controls (28.6 ± 14.2 vs 42.1 ± 18.5; mean difference −13.5, 95% CI −16.8 to −10.2; d = 0.82), with effects sustained at T2 (26.4 ± 13.8 vs 43.6 ± 19.0; mean difference −17.2, 95% CI −20.6 to −13.8; d = 1.05; p < 0.001). The proportion of normal users in the intervention arm rose from 34.0% to 74.0%. Significant benefits were observed for smartphone addiction, knowledge, self-efficacy, screen time (4.8 to 2.6 h/day), all WHOQOL-BREF domains, depression, anxiety, stress, and loneliness (all p < 0.001). Mean session attendance was 87.4%, fidelity 92.6%, and 94.7% of participants were satisfied with the program. Conclusion: An 8-week, multi-component, nurse-led school program produced large, sustained reductions in digital addiction and screen time and improved psychological well-being, and was feasible and highly acceptable. The model offers a scalable framework for integrating digital health promotion into school health services in India and similar settings

Background: Although the genetic contribution to psychotic disorders is well established, attention has increasingly turned to modifiable social and economic determinants. In rural India, where psychosis carries higher rates of homelessness, unmarried status, caregiver absence and stigma than in urban areas, the social correlates of caseness have rarely been quantified at community level.Objectives: To compare marital status, employment, education, socioeconomic class, religion, family history, living arrangements and type of housing between individuals identified with a psychotic disorder and the remainder of a rural community surveyed door to door.Materials and Methods: In a community-based cross-sectional survey in Hoskote taluk, Bengaluru Rural district, conducted between July 2020 and June 2021, all consenting residents aged 18–65 years were screened with the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview and the Psychosis Screening Questionnaire, with diagnostic confirmation by the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders. Seven individuals meeting criteria for a psychotic disorder were compared with the 951 individuals who did not, using the Chi-square test in SPSS version 21.0, with p < 0.05 taken as significant.Results: Individuals with a psychotic disorder differed significantly from the remainder of the community on seven of eight variables examined. They were less often currently married (42.86% versus 72.34%, p = 0.00036); more often unemployed (42.86% versus 7.99%, p = 0.016); more often illiterate or educated only to primary level (85.72% versus 20.82%, p = 0.003); more often of lower or upper-lower socioeconomic class (71.43% versus 22.08%, p = 0.021); far more often reported a family history of psychotic disorder (42.86% versus 4.10%, p = 0.00001); more often lived apart from family (28.57% versus 3.15%, p = 0.0001); and more often occupied kachcha housing (28.57% versus 2.84%, p = 0.00001). Religion showed no association (p = 0.96).Conclusion: Psychotic disorder in this rural community was strongly patterned by social disadvantage — absence of a marital partner, unemployment, illiteracy, poverty, social isolation and poor housing — alongside a substantial familial contribution. Because only seven cases were available, these associations are best regarded as hypothesis-generating and require confirmation in larger samples, but they identify concrete targets for community mental health intervention

Background: Hyperthyroidism is associated with increased metabolic activity and cardiovascular changes resulting from enhanced tissue sensitivity to catecholamines. These alterations may lead to sympathetic autonomic dysfunction, which can be assessed using cardiovascular autonomic function tests. Objective: To evaluate sympathetic autonomic function in patients with hyperthyroidism and compare the findings with those of healthy age- and sex-matched controls. Materials and Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted on 60 participants, including 30 newly diagnosed patients with hyperthyroidism and 30 healthy controls. Resting pulse rate, thyroid function tests (FT3, FT4, and TSH), and sympathetic autonomic function tests were performed in all participants. Sympathetic function was assessed using the sustained handgrip test, cold pressor test, and orthostatic blood pressure response. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 26.0. Data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation, and comparisons between groups were made using the independent Student's t-test. A p value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Patients with hyperthyroidism had a significantly higher resting pulse rate than healthy controls (104.6 ± 11.8 vs. 76.8 ± 8.4 beats/min; p<0.001). The increase in diastolic blood pressure during the sustained handgrip test was significantly greater in the hyperthyroid group (20.8 ± 4.3 vs. 15.6 ± 3.2 mmHg; p<0.001). During the cold pressor test, both systolic (24.6 ± 5.1 vs. 18.2 ± 4.4 mmHg; p<0.001) and diastolic blood pressure (15.8 ± 3.8 vs. 11.2 ± 2.9 mmHg; p<0.001) increased significantly more in patients than in controls. The orthostatic fall in systolic blood pressure was also greater among patients with hyperthyroidism (6.8 ± 3.2 vs. 4.5 ± 2.6 mmHg; p=0.01). Serum FT3 levels showed a significant positive correlation with resting pulse rate (r=0.64, p<0.001). Conclusion: Hyperthyroidism is associated with increased sympathetic autonomic activity, as demonstrated by elevated resting heart rate and exaggerated cardiovascular responses during sympathetic function testing. Cardiovascular autonomic function tests provide a simple and non-invasive method for assessing autonomic involvement and may be useful in evaluating disease severity and monitoring treatment response

Introduction: Orthopaedic emergencies such as fractures, dislocations, sprains, and crush injuries are among the commonest medical emergencies encountered in both urban and rural India, and the initial first aid given before hospital arrival often determines whether a patient recovers fully or develops a preventable complication. Despite this, community and hospital-based studies from India have repeatedly shown that awareness of correct first aid for orthopaedic trauma remains poor. This study aimed to assess the level of first aid awareness among orthopaedic patients attending a tertiary care centre in Mandya and to identify factors associated with adequate or inadequate knowledge.Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted over three months in the Department of Orthopaedics, Mandya Institute of Medical Sciences (MIMS), Mandya. Ninety consecutively sampled, consenting orthopaedic patients aged 18 years and above were enrolled. A structured proforma recorded socio-demographic and injury-related details, details of any pre-hospital first aid received, and a 20-item, interviewer-administered first aid knowledge questionnaire (each item scored 1 for correct and 0 for incorrect/‘don’t know’; maximum score 20), with a score of ≥12/20 (≥60%) taken as adequate awareness. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and the chi-square test, with p<0.05 considered significant.Results: The mean age of participants was 54.2 ± 18.0 years (range 17–90 years); 74.4% were male. Closed fractures (67.8%) following road traffic accidents (31.1%) were the commonest presentation. Only 40 of 90 patients (44.4%) had received any first aid before reaching hospital, of whom 35 (87.5%) had received appropriate first aid, most commonly immobilisation/splinting (28 patients, 70.0% of those treated). The mean total knowledge score was 10.92 ± 5.38 out of 20 (54.6%), and 47 of 90 participants (52.2%) had adequate awareness (≥60%); the remaining 43 (47.8%) had inadequate awareness. Domain-wise, awareness was highest for spinal-injury/special situations (65.6%) and lowest for soft-tissue injury care (43.3%) and wound/haemorrhage control (46.7%); the weakest individual items concerned the correct timing of tourniquet application (28.9% correct) and the duration of ice application for soft-tissue injury (33.3% correct). Adequate awareness was significantly associated with younger age, male sex, any formal education, non-homemaker occupation, and having already received pre-hospital first aid (all p<0.05 on chi-square testing).Conclusion: Approximately half of the orthopaedic patients attending this tertiary care centre exhibited inadequate first aid awareness, and fewer than half had received any form of first aid prior to hospital presentation. Knowledge deficits were most marked in the domains of wound and haemorrhage control and soft-tissue injury management. These findings highlight the need for structured, targeted first aid education — particularly among older, illiterate, and homemaker patients — to be incorporated into community health programmes and routine orthopaedic outpatient encounters within this region.

Background: Adhesive capsulitis is a common and often painful condition characterized by the gradual onset of shoulder pain and progressive stiffness, leading to significant functional impairment. Treatment of this condition should be focused on limiting symptoms and shortening the duration of disabilities. Hydraulic distension has a superior effect in the treatment of adhesive capsulitis compared to other general conservative treatments. Local injectable steroid is most frequently deployed medical method to provide relief from severe pain in freezing stage of adhesive capsulitis. The use of intraarticular steroid as an adjunct in hydraulic distension is not well established in literature. The complication associated like septic arthritis, progressive degeneration and disturbances in glycemic control in diabetics are some debatable topics. Hence this study was conducted.objectives:The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness and also compare the clinical and functional results of shoulder hydroplasty and manipulation with or without steroid as an adjunct for treating Adhesive capsulitis.Methods:This is prospective randomized, single blind, controlled study. Fifty patients who were clinically and radiologically confirmed to have primary adhesive capsulitis were enrolled in the study after informed consent. 50 patients were randomized and assigned into 2 groups of 25 patients each. Patients were subjected to hydrodilation of shoulder capsule using local anaesthetic +/- steroid and normal saline followed by manipulation and home-based physiotherapy plans. Group-1 was managed by hydraulic distension with steroid as an adjunct and Group-2 was managed by hydraulic distension without steroid. Patients were followed every 4weeks upto 24 weeks, assessed clinically and functionally based on SPADI conclusion:we conclude that Intraarticular steroid can be used as an adjunct in hydaulic distension of shoulder for its short to medium term benefits and the hydaulic distension combined with manipulation and exercises even without steroid can be advised as an effective treatment modality in high-risk patients for steroid injection / general anaesthesia.

Background: Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is one of the most successful orthopedic procedures for relieving pain and restoring function in patients with end-stage hip disorders. The Direct Anterior Approach (DAA) has gained increasing popularity because of its muscle-sparing nature, reduced soft tissue disruption, early postoperative recovery, and lower risk of dislocation. However, the technique is technically demanding and requires familiarity with its learning curve. This study aimed to evaluate the surgical technique and early functional outcomes of primary total hip arthroplasty performed using the Direct Anterior Approach.Materials and Methods:This retrospective case series was conducted in the Department of Orthopaedics at a tertiary care teaching hospital in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India. Ten consecutive patients who underwent primary cementless total hip arthroplasty using the Direct Anterior Approach between January and December 2025 were included. Patients with revision surgery, pathological fractures, active infection, or incomplete records were excluded. Demographic characteristics, operative details, blood loss, postoperative mobilization, hospital stay, complications, and functional outcomes were assessed. Functional outcome was evaluated using the Harris Hip Score (HHS) before surgery and at six months postoperatively. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software, with a p-value <0.05 considered statistically significant.Results:The mean age of the patients was 61.6 ± 5.7 years, with equal distribution of males and females. Primary osteoarthritis was the most common indication for surgery (40%), followed by avascular necrosis (30%). The mean operative time was 94.1 ± 8.2 minutes, mean estimated blood loss was 255 ± 38 mL, and the average hospital stay was 4.2 ± 0.8 days. Patients achieved early ambulation at a mean of 1.2 ± 0.4 days postoperatively. The mean Harris Hip Score improved significantly from 42.8 ± 4.5 preoperatively to 92.7 ± 3.2 at six months (p < 0.001). Pain scores decreased markedly, and hip flexion improved significantly. Eight patients (80%) had no postoperative complications, while one patient developed transient lateral femoral cutaneous nerve neuropraxia and one experienced delayed superficial wound healing, both of which resolved with conservative management. No cases of dislocation, deep infection, periprosthetic fracture, deep vein thrombosis, or revision surgery were observed.ConclusionThe Direct Anterior Approach for primary total hip arthroplasty demonstrated excellent early functional outcomes, rapid postoperative recovery, and a low complication rate in this case series. Significant improvement in Harris Hip Score, early mobilization, and minimal soft tissue-related complications suggest that DAA is a safe and effective surgical approach when performed by experienced surgeons. Larger prospective comparative studies with longer follow-up are recommended to validate these findings

Background: Early recognition of acute kidney injury (AKI) in critically ill patients is significantly hampered by the delayed rise of functional markers like serum creatinine. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) has emerged as a promising structural biomarker of acute tubular injury. The study is designed to evaluate the diagnostic utility, accuracy, and prognostic relevance of serum and urinary NGAL for early detection of AKI in critically ill adult patients. Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted over a period of time. A total of 150 adult ICU patients were evaluated. Serum and urinary NGAL levels were measured at admission (0 hour) and at 4, 12, 24, and 48 hours. AKI was diagnosed based on standard KDIGO criteria. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 28. Results: AKI developed in 48 patients (32.0%). Admission serum NGAL (214.5 ± 82.3 ng/mL vs. 64.2 ± 18.1 ng/mL, p < 0.001) and urine NGAL (198.4 ± 76.5 ng/mL vs. 52.1 ± 14.3 ng/mL, p < 0.001) were significantly higher in AKI patients compared to non-AKI controls. Serum NGAL demonstrated an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.92 (95% CI: 0.87–0.96) at a cutoff of 160 ng/mL (sensitivity 89.6%, specificity 85.3%). Urine NGAL yielded an AUC of 0.89 (95% CI: 0.83–0.94) at a cutoff of 140 ng/mL (sensitivity 85.4%, specificity 82.4%). Both biomarkers rose 24–36 hours prior to significant serum creatinine elevation and strongly predicted renal replacement therapy requirement and 30-day mortality (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Serum and urinary NGAL are robust, sensitive, and specific early biomarkers for predicting AKI prior to serum creatinine elevation, enabling timely clinical management.

Background: Chronic liver disease (CLD) adversely affects patients' physical and psychological well-being, leading to impaired quality of life, fatigue, anxiety, depression, and reduced resilience. Aim: To evaluate quality of life, fatigue, resilience, anxiety, and depression among patients with chronic liver disease. Materials and Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Psychiatry, Venkateshwara Institute of Medical Sciences (VIMS), Gajraula, Uttar Pradesh, India, among 130 patients with chronic liver disease. Quality of life, fatigue, resilience, anxiety, and depression were assessed using the CLDQ, FSS, CD-RISC-25, and HADS, respectively. Data were analysed using IBM SPSS version 26.0. Results: The mean age was 49.2 ± 11.8 years, and 67.7% were males. Alcohol-related liver disease was the commonest etiology (35.4%). Patients had impaired quality of life (CLDQ: 4.15 ± 0.96), high fatigue (FSS: 5.28 ± 1.18), reduced resilience (CD-RISC: 56.84 ± 11.72), and a high prevalence of anxiety (41.5%) and depression (45.4%). Quality of life was negatively correlated with fatigue, anxiety, and depression and positively correlated with resilience (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Chronic liver disease is associated with poor quality of life, significant fatigue, reduced resilience, and high rates of anxiety and depression. Routine psychological assessment and multidisciplinary care may improve patient outcomes

Background: Inherited haemoglobin disorders, which include diseases like thalassemia and other hemoglobinopathies, are a major health burden accounting not only for significant morbidity and mortality but also implying a social and financial burden. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is a highly reliable and standardized technique widely used for the identification and quantification of various haemoglobin types. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the pattern and prevalence of hemoglobinopathies in patients attending a tertiary healthcare centre, Government Medical College (GMC) Amravati, using HPLC. Methods: The present study was conducted at the Department of Pathology, GMC Amravati, on patients referred for antenatal or voluntary premarital checkups, patients with a clinical history and complete blood count (CBC) suggestive of haemolytic anemia, and family members of known cases of hemoglobinopathies. A total of 1260 cases were studied retrospectively between January 2025 and December 2025. Following the collection of a clinical and family history, an automated five-part cell counter produced the entire hemogram report. Using the β-thalassemia short program, samples were subjected to HPLC using the Bio-Rad Variant II system. Results: Of the patients, 364 (28.8%) had aberrant haemoglobin fractions, while 896 (71.2%) showed a normal Hb pattern. Among the 364 patients with abnormalities, the most prevalent anomaly was the sickle cell trait at 11.7% (147), followed by the β-thalassemia trait at 11.5% (145). Sickle cell disease was found in 4.4% (56). Two instances (0.15%) had β-thalassemia major, and seven cases (0.5%) had double heterozygous β-thalassemia and sickle cell trait or hereditary persistent fetal haemoglobin (HPFH). Additional variations found include HbE heterozygous and HbD-Punjab trait. Conclusion: HPLC is a great tool for accurately diagnosing hemoglobinopathies and quantifying different aberrant haemoglobin fractions. This allows for early patient management.

Background: The pedicle is the key corridor for transpedicular screw fixation of the lumbar spine, and safe instrumentation depends on accurate knowledge of pedicle width, height, length and angulation, which vary between populations. Aim: To establish level-wise reference values for the linear and angular morphometry of the adult lumbar pedicles, to test right–left symmetry, and to examine variation with sex and age. Materials and Methods: In this observational cross-sectional osteometric study, 217 adult dry lumbar vertebrae (L1–L5) fulfilling the inclusion criteria were examined. Pedicle transverse width, height, isthmus length, axis (chord) length and the transverse and sagittal pedicle angles were measured by three independent observers using a digital caliper and goniometer. Data were analysed in SPSS v29 using the student’s t-test, paired t-test and Pearson's correlation; p < 0.05 was significant. Results: Pedicle transverse width nearly doubled from L1 to L5 (8.6→15.7 mm) — the largest proportional change of any parameter — while pedicle height changed little and declined slightly toward L5. The pedicle axis (working) length peaked at L4 (48.2 mm). The transverse pedicle angle rose from 11.2° at L1 to 28.6° at L5, while the sagittal angle stayed small (1–2°). Right and left pedicles were symmetrical at L5 (all p > 0.05). All pedicle dimensions were significantly larger in males (p < 0.001), and none correlated significantly with age. Conclusion: The lumbar pedicles change in an orderly, predictable manner: wider and more medially convergent toward L5, with the longest working length in the lower lumbar spine. Narrow, less-convergent screws suit L1–L2 and wider, more medialised, longer screws suit L4–L5. Sex-specific, locally derived reference values are recommended.

Background: The concept of machines imitating human thinking isn’t entirely new. Long before the term "artificial intelligence" was coined, early thinkers like Alan Turing began pondering over whether a machine could ever think like a person. The future of artificial intelligence (AI) in periodontics holds great potential to revolutionize diagnosis, treatment, and overall management of periodontal diseases. It will integrate cutting-edge technologies with personalized patient care. Autonomous AI tools, robotics, nanotechnology, genomics, and cross-disciplinary innovations are all expected to transform periodontal practice well beyond conventional paradigms, enabling precision medicine alongside enhanced clinical outcomes.This review gives a complete detailing in role of artificial intelligence in periodontics..