Background: SGLT2 inhibitors are widely used in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus due to their proven glycaemic, cardiovascular, and renal benefits. However, concerns persist regarding an increased risk of urinary tract infections, particularly with specific agents such as dapagliflozin. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate and compare the association between dapagliflozin and other SGLT2 inhibitors with the occurrence of urinary tract infections in a real-world clinical setting.Methodology:This was a retrospective observational study conducted in the Department of Medicine, F.H. Medical College, Agra, over 18 months. A total of 125 adult patients (≥18 years) with type 2 diabetes mellitus who were initiated on SGLT2 inhibitors were included based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Patients with pre-existing urinary tract infections or those receiving antidiabetic drugs other than SGLT2 inhibitors were excluded. Relevant demographic and clinical data were collected from medical records. Baseline investigations, including urine routine examination and HbA1c, were reviewed. Patients received one of the SGLT2 inhibitors such as canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, empagliflozin, ipragliflozin, or other approved agent. The primary outcome assessed was the occurrence of urinary tract infections with associated safety outcomes related to SGLT2 inhibitor use.Results:A total of 125 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus receiving SGLT2 inhibitors were included, of whom 80 received dapagliflozin, and 45 received other SGLT2 inhibitors. Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics were comparable between groups. The overall prevalence of urinary tract infection (UTI) was 17.6%. UTIs occurred more frequently in the dapagliflozin group than in other SGLT2 inhibitor users (22.5% vs. 8.9%), though the unadjusted association was not statistically significant. Most UTIs were mild, with symptomatic cystitis the most common presentation. On multivariable analysis, dapagliflozin use, female sex, and prior history of UTI were independent predictors of UTI. Other adverse events were infrequent and similar between groups, and no significant deterioration in renal function was observed.Conclusion:SGLT2 inhibitors were associated with a modest risk of urinary tract infections, most of which were mild. Dapagliflozin use, female sex, and prior history of UTI were independent predictors of infection. Overall, SGLT2 inhibitors were well tolerated, with no significant adverse renal outcomes

Background: Lesions of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses encompass a broad spectrum of pathological entities ranging from non-neoplastic inflammatory conditions to benign and malignant neoplasms. These lesions vary widely depending on age, occupation and addiction habits and other environmental factors. A careful clinical workup including symptomatology, radiological investigations &endoscopy helps to determine a differential diagnosis but histopathology provides the final diagnosis. Objective: To evaluate the histopathological features of sinonasal lesions in a tertiary care setting and document their frequency and distribution. Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study of 80 cases conducted over 2years (January 2024–January 2026) in department of Pathology, Government General hospital, Mahabubnagar. Histopathological examination was performed using hematoxylin and eosin staining, with relevant Immunohistochemistry and classified based on WHO guidelines. Results: Non-neoplastic lesions predominated (75%), with Rhinosinusitis being most common (40%). Benign neoplasms (18.75%) outnumbered malignant ones (6.25%). Hamartoma (REAH) and Hemangioma were the most frequent benign tumors, while Sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma, Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma and Olfactory neuroblastoma represented malignant cases. Conclusion: Histopathology remains the cornerstone for definitive diagnosis of sinonasal lesions. Awareness of rare entities such as REAH and inverted papilloma is essential to avoid misdiagnosis.